As the PVS is completely directed for the veins, harm to non-venous delicate tissues is prevented. Tissues like nerve, artery and lymphatic vessels are spared. Since June 1988 we have applied the PVS method as outpatient surgical treatment under community anaesthesia. Neither electrosurgery nor a suction apparatus has been expected https://www.sgvascularctr.com/understanding-venous-leak-treatment-in-singapore/