This paper aims to explore the causality pattern between outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) and major external trade components (i. e. exports and imports of merchandise as well as services) using Singapore as a case study. since it is one of the largest outward investors in the Asian region and it is overtly trade-dependent. https://www.chiggate.com/color-charm-12n-1200-high-lift-blonde-1-4oz-online-now/